Abstracts
2001 Fall AGU
Fall Meeting
San
Francisco, December 10-14, 2001
S51B-0604
Slip Distribution of the 2001 West India Earthquake
Mori, J, T. Sato, H. Negishi
We
used the orientation and size of the fault determined from
our aftershock results to carry out an inversion of teleseismic
data for the slip distribution of the 2001 West India earthquake.
Previous inversions for this earthquake have been done by but these solutions
did not use the constraints on the fault geometry that are now available.
Choosing the correct fault plane from the two nodal
planes of the focal mechanism and limiting the mainshock
source area to the size of the aftershock region affects the slip
distribution. We used 19 teleseismic P waveforms
which were well distributed in azimuth in a finite-fault
inversion on a grid of 80 subfaults. Since the
observed waveforms look similar at all azimuths,
we decided that there was not much time resolution and used only one time
window. The results of the inversion for the various rupture
velocities tested, did not show significant
differences. We show the results for a rupture velocity of 2.9 km per sec. The
results of the inversion show that the largest area of slip is close to
hypocenter. This asperity is about 10 km x 20 km with a maximum slip of about
10 meters. The area of large slip in the region of the
hypocenter corresponds closely to the area of most severe damage in the
villages east of Bhuj. This area
probably experienced very strong shaking from the rupture of the
asperity. Bhuj, is located more than 30
km west from the closest portion of the fault and probably experience somewhat lower levels of ground motions,
as seen in the intensity distribution. The character of the
slip distribution appears different from other shallow earthquakes
of equal size. The area of the fault is small for
a Mw7.7 event. Comparing the slip distribution of the
2001 West India earthquake to the similarly sized (Mw7.7) 1999 Taiwan
earthquake. The Taiwan earthquake is spread out over a larger area and shows a more complicated slip distribution. These difference can also be seen in the teleseismic
waveforms. The India event has a more compact waveform with a large amplitude pulse at the beginning. The smaller source
size means the 2001 West India earthquake had a
higher static stress drop. This implies that the nearfield
ground motions were higher, although with
shorter durations, compared to the 1999 Chichi Taiwan earthquake.
S51B-0606
Aftershock Distribution of the 2001 Gujarat, India Earthquake (Mw 7.7) from
Temporary Field Observations: Small and Deep Orientation of the Fault Plane
Negishi, H., J. Mori, T. Sato, R.P. Singh, S. Kumar,
N. Hirata
A
large shallow earthquake (Mw 7.7) occurred in the western part of India on
January 26, 2001, causing great damage. When the earthquake occurred,
geologists and seismologists expected to see evidence for significant amounts
of ground rupture along a fault. The surface trace, however, was not found in the
damaged area indicating that the fault rupture did not reach the surface. It is
important to know the location and orientation of the fault since this
earthquake produced heavy damage in this area. We planned and carried out
seismic observations in the field to determine the detailed distribution of
aftershocks and the geometry of the fault plane. We installed 8 portable
seismographs in the damaged area and aftershock recording was conducted during
February 28 through March 28. The seismic array extends about 70 km in the
north-south direction and 40 km in the east-west
direction. Three-component velocity sensors with natural frequency of 1 or 2 Hz
and 20 bit digital recorders with 100 Hz
sampling were deployed at all eight stations. We recorded over 1,400
events during the instruments deployment. P and
S arrival times were picked manually within a
precision of about 0.02 and 0.1 seconds, respectively. Hypocenters were
determined using the Joint Hypocenter Determination (JHD) program which
simultaneously calculates hypocenters, station corrections and a
one-dimensional velocity structure (Engdahl et al., 1982). The initial velocity structure
model, which is used by the National Geophysical
Research Institute (B.K. Rastogi, pers.
Comm.), has been used in the present study. The area of
aftershocks, which may be interpreted as the area of the fault that
ruptured during the mainshock, has dimensions
of about 40 km x 40 km, extending from about 23.3N to 23.7N in the
north-south direction and 70.1E to 70.5E in the east-west direction. The
distribution of the aftershocks shows southward
dipping at an angle of about 40 degrees, and the depth range about 10 to
35 km. This is interpreted to be the fault plane of the mainshock.
The size of the aftershock distribution of this
event is smaller than that of 1999 Chichi Taiwan, which has the same
moment magnitude. This indicates that the size of the fault plane of the
Gujarat event is relatively small and the earthquake
has a high static stress drop.
S22A-0628
Estimate of the Absolute Value of Regional Stress prior to the 2000 Western
Tottori Earthquake from Rotation of Focal Mechanisms
Yoshikawa, K, J. Mori, H. Katao
On
October 6, 2000, an earthquake (Mw=6.6) occurred in western Tottori Prefecture,
Japan in an area where no active fault had been previously identified. There
was no displacement on the surface but seismic observations showed that the
event was a left-lateral strike-slip fault on a northwest striking plane with a
length of about 20 kilometers and slip of about 1.6 meters. A temporary short-period network of over 50 seismographs
was installed soon after the mainshock in a
cooperative effort by universities in Japan. The dense spacing of
stations in the aftershock region enabled us to determine
well-constrained P-wave first motion focal mechanisms. The results of
determining the focal mechanisms showed a
bimodal distribution of the P-axes in two azimuths. One
of azimuths was in the east-west direction. This is similar to the P-axes direction for the mainshock
and previous seismicity and is interpreted to represent the
regional stress direction prior to the earthquake. The second azimuth has
a more northwest direction. We interpret that
the rotation of the P-axes for these aftershocks is caused by the change in
stress field due to fault slip during the mainshock.
We estimated the level of absolute of stress prior to Tottori earthquake by
using a fault model for the earthquake and calculating the amount of stress
change at the locations that the rotation in P-axes were observed.
Comparing the calculated change in stress due to the earthquake with the
rotation of the P-axis gives us an estimate of
the level of absolute stress prior to the mainshock.
The focal mechanisms of aftershocks showed a rotation of the P-axes of about 15
to 25 degrees. This relatively large change indicates that the level of stress
prior to the earthquake was rather low, on the order of a few tens of MPa.
S22B-0640
Difference in Rupture Process Between Shallow and
Deep Earthquakes Estimated From Radiated Energy of Small Events
Kim, A, J. Mori
We
estimated the seismic energy of small earthquakes using short-period data in
Japan to understand thedifference of the source
mechanisms and rupture process between shallow (0-50 km) and deeper (50-200 km)
events. In this study we analyzed smaller events under Mw4.0 because it is
thought that large shallow earthquakes may be more similar to deep earthquakes
in terms of possible thermal effects on the
fault. We also estimated seismic efficiency and frictional stress of these events to understand the rupture process. Although there are some hypotheses about the mechanism
of intermediate to deep earthquakes, it is not well
understood how these earthquakes occur. To investigate this issue
we compare radiated seismic energy of shallow with deep events. We
used the integrated short-period acceleration
seismograms in the frequency range from 0.5-20Hz. Because the
radiated energy of P wave is less than 4 percent of total energy we
calculated only S waves energy from the
average of the vertical, radial and transverse components. To
correct for the effects of attenuation we
calculated a depth and frequency dependent attenuation relation. We also
estimated the site amplification factors for the
stations using as a reference those sites that had average S wave
velocities of 500m/s or grater in the upper 30m. Using the results
obtained from above process we investigated scaling of radiated
seismic energy versus the depth and then estimated
the seismic efficiency to discuss the difference in rupture process
between shallow and deep events. The radiated energies of deeper
events tend to be larger than for shallower earthquakes which may
be an indication of the difference in stress regime or rupture properties.
S21E-09
Earthquake Initiations of the 2000 Izu Islands
Earthquake Swarm
Sato, K and J. Mori
In
recent years, earthquake initiation phases have been
often studied. Iio [1992,1995] and Ellsworth
and Beroza [1995] identified "slow
initial phase" and "nucleation phase", respectively,
and concluded that it is part to the earthquake source process.
Oppositely, Mori and Kanamori [1996]
concluded it is an effect of anelastic attenuation and
rupture is propagated rapidly from the hypocenter.
Sato and Kanamori [1999] introduced a model which can explain these two observational
results using the Griffith fracture criterion. This model employed
a new parameter, "trigger factor", which controls the rupture propagation velocity. While a small trigger
factor causes a slow propagation, a large one causes an abrupt
propagation. Recently there have been studies to analyse
earthquake initiations of micro-earthquakes using this model (Hiramatsu et al. [2000], Kato et al. [2001]). In this
study, we analyse moderate earthquakes using the
model and discuss source parameters of earthquake
initiations, such as the trigger factor and size of the initial
crack, and relationships between these parameters and earthquake
sizes. During the summer of 2000, an earthquake
swarm occurred in the Izu Islands region,
Japan, about 100 Km south of Tokyo. We installed several strong-motion
seismometers in the region and recorded moderate earthquakes near
the sources. We use these data to analyse
earthquake initiations using the Sato and Kanamori
model. Because of the trade-off between anelastic attenuation and these source parameters,
we need to make care estimates of the attenuation effects. In this study,
we estimate a whole-path average Q value between the source region
and the recording station (KZA) before
estimating initiation parameters using smaller earthquakes.
Unfortunately, the data recorded at the KZA
station did not trigger on many smaller events, so we used data
from a nearby station (KZB) for determining the Q. We then estimate
the relative Q difference between KZA and KZB. By determining the
effects of attenuation separately from the
initiation parameters, we can obtain reliable results about earthquake
initiations.
U31A-03
Seismicity and Forecasting of the 1991Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A Ten-Year
Retrospective
Power, J A, R.A. White, T.L. Murray, E. Laguerta,
E.G. Ramos, J. mori, B.C. Bautista, A.B. Lockhart
The
1991 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo provided a unique opportunity to observe
seismicity and magmatic processes associated
with a very large explosive eruption. The rapid deployment of a 7-station
seismic network around the volcano in April and May of 1991
and deployment of a second network in early July after many of the
initial stations were destroyed by the eruptions on June 13 - 15 were
critical to developing these high-quality observations. Data from these
networks were recorded and archived using a
portable digital acquisition and analysis system. The interpretation of
the processes associated with 1991 Pinatubo seismicity is enhanced
in many cases by the large size of the eruptions and associated
signals, the well-documented magma mixing event that triggered the
eruptions, and the associated field studies of deposits. The
precursory seismic sequence included a
persistent cluster of Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes 5 to 10 km NW of
the vent, deep (z$\sim$30 km) Long-Period (LP) events in May and
June, a prominent swarm of shallow hybrid events associated with
magma ascent and emplacement of a lava dome on June 3 - 12, and a rapid
increase in the size and occurrence of LP events and volcanic tremor
following dome emplacement. Strong swarms of LP events and tremor often
preceded and accompanied the plinian eruptions from June 12 to 15, although only one seismic
station remained operative during this period. Post eruption seismicity was characterized by widespread
VT hypocenters that surround the volcano and may define the magma
chamber that fed the eruptions. In late June, as
continuous eruptive activity and VTs declined, tremor and LP events resumed in
regular 7 to 10 hour episodes that accompanied the production of large
ash plumes. Successful forecasts of the 1991 eruptions were
based largely on an observed shift in the locus of earthquake hypocenters, increased seismic energy release, a
shift from VT to LP seismicity, visual observations of the volcano,
and measurements of S02 flux. In retrospect, many
of the patterns and processes revealed in the Pinatubo seismicity are
frequently observed at restless volcanoes and often form the basis for
eruption forecasts and hazard mitigation.
2001
Japan Seismological Society Fall Meeting
Kagoshima, October 24-26, 2001
P146
Searching for Physical Mechanisms
to Explain the Large Asperity of the 1999 Chichi, Taiwan Earthquake
Mori, J., H. Ito, M. Ando, K.F. Ma, M. Zoback
The 1999 Chichi, Taiwan
earthquake (Mw 7.7) was the best instrumentally-recorded large earthquake in
the world and provides extensive new data for looking at the physical
mechanisms of the rupture process. A prominent feature of the earthquake was
the area of large (~ 10 meters) and shallow (surface displacements of 7-8
meters) slip on the northern part of the fault. The level of high-frequency
ground acceleration from this asperity was relatively low, considering the
large displacements. The relatively low level of high-frequency radiation along
with the large slip velocities and large displacements, suggests a low level of
friction on the fault during rupture. Various physical mechanisms, such as
fault melting, fault lubrication, or thermal pressurization have been proposed
to explain the slip-weakening process that likely occurred on this portion of
the fault. The shallow location of the main asperity of the Chichi
earthquake provides a rare opportunity to examine a fault on which a large
amount of slip has recently occurred. We hope to drill a deep borehole (~3 km)
into the fault, primarily to examine the physical properties of the fault
surface. Close analyses of the fault properties will likely provide information
about the physical mechanisms associated with the large amount of slip that
occurred on this portion of the fault. Shallow boreholes (200-300m) have
already been drilled into the northern and southern portions of the fault. Preliminary analyses of these cores indicates that physical
properties of the fautl may control differences in
the rupture dynamics of the earthquake. Determination of the frictional levels
and slip mechanisms is important for understanding of how large earthquakes
occur.
B02
Slip Distribution of the 2001
West India Earthquake
Mori, J., T. Sato, H. Negishi
We
carried out a source inversion for the slip distribution of the 2001 India
earthquake (Mw 7.7) using teleseimic data and
constrained the size and orientation of the fault plane from the distribution
of locally recorded aftershocks. The results of the inversion show that the
source area of the earthquake was relatively small and the slip distribution
rather simple. The smaller fault area implies a high static stress drop for the
earthquake. If the features of the teleseismic
waveforms can be extrapolated to the nearfield, the
strong-ground motions may have had very strong ground velocities at periods of
a few seconds.
B01
Aftershock Distribution of the 2001 Gujerat, India
Earthquake (Mw7.7) from Temporary Field Obserations
Negishi, H., J. Mori, T. Sato, R.P` Singh, S. Kumar
B03
Depth of Seismogenic
Layer in Kachchh District, Gujerat
State, India
Sato, T., J. Mori, H. Negishi
P015
Absolute Value of Stress prior to the 2000 Tottori Earthquake
Yoshikawa, K., J. Mori, H. Katao
P132
Difference in Rupture Process
between Shallow and Deep Earthquakes Estimated from Radiated Energy of Small
Events
Kim, A. and J. Mori
C62
Earthquake Initiation Process: The 2000 Izu
Islands Earthquake Swarm
Sato, K. and J. Mori
2001 Joint Geoscience Assembly (JGA)
International
Symposium on Earthquake and Active Tectonics, International Symposium on East
Asian Tectonics ( iSEAT)
Taipei, Taiwan, September 25-26, 2001
Initiation
of the Chichi Taiwan Earthquake
Mori, J.
I
examined the initial few seconds for the beginning of the September 21, 1999
Chichi, Taiwan earthquake (Mw7.7) on strong motion records at distances of 5 to
20 km. From the initial portion of the waveforms I make estimates of the
rupture direction, slip velocity and, dynamic stress drop for the beginning of
the earthquake. From previous work, it is known
that during the later times of the rupture, there are high values of slip
velocity and dynamic stress drop on the northern part of the fault. These
values are compared to the values that are obtained at the beginning of the
rupture to see how the dynamic stress drop changes with time.
From
the slip distribution models and the pattern of damage, it is apparent that the
earthquake rupture has different characteristics with time. During the
first few seconds there is a moderate amount of slip on the fault and high
levels of high-frequency radiation. Later in the rupture, there are much larger
values of slip and slip velocity, but with proportionately lower levels of
high-frequency radiation. In this study, these differences are quantifed in terms of the slip velocity and dynamic stress
drop.
The
initiation of the Chichi earthquake is also investigated using the model of
Sato and Kanamori (1999). Using this model, I try to
estimate the initial size of the crack which begins the earthquake. With
reasonable values of attenuation, the size of the initiation is estimated to
have a radius of less than 50 m.
Seismological Results from the Chi-chi, Taiwan Earthquake: The Best
Instrumentally Recorded Earthquake in the World
Mori, J. and
K-F Ma
The
September 21, 1999 Chichi, Taiwan earthquake (Mw=7.6) produced the best set of
local and regional strong-motion records from a large earthquake. This shallow
thrust earthquake ruptured about 85 km of the Chelungpu
fault in Central Taiwan with large displacements of 1 to 10 meters along most
of the surface trace of the fault. The dense strong-motion array operated by
the Seismology Center of the Central Weather Bureau recorded the earthquake on
more than 400 stations, at distances of less than 1 km to 150 km from the
fault. These data, along with locally recorded short-period data and teleseismic data from worldwide broadband stations provided
valuable information about the earthquake source process, as well as,
three-dimensional wave propagation, and regional tectonics.
Using the strong-motion data, teleseismic data, and GPS displacement, several groups of
researchers have produced models of the spatial and time distribution of slip
and slip velocity for the earthquake. Common results of these studies
show that slip occurred over an area of about 80 km by 40 km with the
hypocenter in the southern region and rupture propagation mainly to the north.
The seismic moment was 2 to 4 x 1027
dyne-cm. All of the models show a large asperity in the northern region of
the fault with slip of over 10 m. This is in the region where very large
surface displacements (8-10m) were measured on the fault.
In the northern region of the fault where
displacements are very large, the level of ground acceleration and associated building
damage is relatively low. Estimates of the slip velocity show that the fault moved very rapidly (1-3 m/sec) but slip
was gsmoothh producing low levels of high-frequency radiation. In contrast, the
southern portion of the fault had much smaller displacements, but the level of accelerations were higher. The damage to
small 1 to 3 storey buildings was also much more severe in the southern region.
The region of very large and very fast
fault slip provides an important opportunity for studying the faulting
mechanism in large earthquakes. The high slip velocity implies high dynamic
stress drop. High dynamic stress drop means that either the driving tectonic
stress is high, or the frictional stress is low. The hypothesis of low friction
provides a good explanation for the esmoothf slip observed
There are several possible explanations for producing
smooth (low friction) stress on the fault. These include,
material properties of the fault, fault melting, fluid pressurization, and
lubrication mechanisms. It is difficult to distinguish these
explanation from the seismic data. The best way to study the problem is
to obtain samples of the fault and examine its physical properties. This is the
main reason we advocate drilling the Chelungpu fault.
The Chichi earthquake produced large fault displacements at relatively shallow
depths, which are well within the reach of a moderate drilling project.
Examination of fault samples from the region of large slip should be able to
distinguish between the various models for explaining how large slip can occur
on faults. This would answer one of the fundamental questions that has persisted in seismology over the last 3 decades.
2001 Japan Earth
and Planetary Sciences Joint Meeting
Tokyo, June 4-8, 2001
Sn-008
Scaling of Radiated
Energy for Moderate Earthquakes in Japan.
Kobayashi, H., J. Mori
We
analyzed 115 moderate (M4-6) earthquakes that occurred in the Japan region from
March 1997 through October 2000. We used acceerations
records of events from the K-Net system (operated by the National Research
Institute for Earthquake Science and Disaster Prevention) which provide a good
frequency bandwidth for estimating the radiated energy. The acceleration
records were filtered and integrated to velocity. Following Kanamori et al, (1993), the integrated value of the square
of the ground velocity was used for the estimate of radiated energy.
We
found that the local site response has a large effect on the radiated energy
estimate. To correct for this problem, we estimated station corrections for all
the sites used in the study. To calculate the station correction, the
sites were classified into gstiffh and gsofth
sites using the average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 meters. Stiff sites
were defined as having an average shear-wave velocity greater or equal to 500
m/sec. Radiated energy estimates were calculated for only the stiff sites, then individual site corrections were determined relative to
this value. Using the station corrections, the overall values of the radiated energies were about a factor of 3 lower,
than if no stations corrections are applied. Also, the range of
uncertainty for the energy estimate is considerably smaller when including the
station corrections.
The
results of the radiated energy of our study show that for shallow earthquakes
there is a slight increase in the ratio of radiated energy to moment, as a
function of earthquake size. The larger earthquakes appear to radiate
proportionately more energy. This is similar to the observations of energy
scaling for shallow earthquakes in California. Our results also show a depth dependence, with deeper earthquakes proportionately
radiating more energy
.
So-P008
Aftershock Observation in the Source Region of the 2001 Western India
Earthquake
Negishi, H., J. Mori, T. Sato
S6-P001
Scaling of Radiated Energy for Moderate Earthquakes in Japan
Kim, A., and J. Mori